Fungal Infections

Among the many infections affecting the extremities, fungal infections (mycosis), are the most common. They are manifested by lesions of the nails - onychomycosis, or feet - dermatophytes (tinea pedis or athlete's foot). Fungal infections are accompanied by discomfort, lead to nail deformation, skin peeling and itching, and in neglected cases can cause serious complications. Regardless of age and lifestyle, anyone can be susceptible to these infections.

If you notice changes in the color or texture of your nails, itching between your toes, or other signs of infection, don't delay in seeing a specialist. Illinois Foot & Ankle Clinic, under the direction of experienced podiatric surgeon Dr. Alex Yanovskiy, DPM, diagnoses and treats fungal infections using state-of-the-art therapies

Types of Fungal Infections

Fungal infection of the feet and nails can manifest itself in various forms, each with its own particular differences.

Fungal infection of the feet (foot mycosis)

• Erased form: the initial stage of the disease with mild or no symptoms. Mild peeling and itching between the toes may be present.
• Intertriginous form: fungus between toes, mainly between the 3rd and 4th toes. Causes redness and maceration of the skin and itching. Similar to diaper rash.
• Dyshidrotic form: blisters form on the skin of the feet, which may coalesce and burst, accompanied by itching and burning.
• Squamous-hyperkeratotic form: characterized by thickening and keratinization of the skin of the feet. The skin flakes and cracks. 
• Acute form: a severe form of the disease with the formation of large blisters on the soles and sides of the feet, accompanied by severe itching and burning.

Fungal infection of the toenails

• Onychomycosis distal and lateral: the lateral walls and free edge of the nail are affected. The nail thickens, turns yellow and crumbles.
• Proximal onychomycosis: the base of the nail plate is affected. The nail turns yellow and separates from the nail bed.
• Superficial onychomycosis: the fungus affects the upper layer of the nail. The nail is covered with spots and turns yellow
• Total onychomycosis: the entire nail plate is affected, manifested by thickening, deformation and black toenail fungus. 

Each of these forms of fungal infections requires timely intervention to prevent spread and complications.

Causes of Fungal Infections

Fungal infections of the nails and feet develop in conditions favorable to the fungus. 

The main factors contributing to infection are the following:

• Warm and humid environment: ideal conditions for fungal growth.
• Increased sweating – people who suffer from excessive sweating are at a higher risk of developing fungal infections, as sweat creates a moist environment conducive to the growth of the fungal pathogen.
• Narrow shoes with poor ventilation: contribute to increased moisture and skin friction, which creates a favorable environment for the development of fungal infections, especially between the toes.
• Public places – swimming pools, gyms, locker rooms and showers, these are common areas where fungus can be easily infected, as the moisture and heat in such places help it to survive and spread.

Keep in mind that fungal infections are most often transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces or infected people.

Symptoms and Signs

Symptoms of the disease can vary depending on the type of fungal infection, each with its characteristic signs. However, there is a common symptomatology that should be focused on.

Common symptoms

• Itchiness
• Pain and swelling
• Burning
• Redness and flaking of the skin
• Cracks
• Changes in the color and structure of the nails
• Unpleasant odor

At the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease it is necessary to consult a doctor, as in this case you become a carrier of fungal infection. Self-treatment can lead to complications and the transition of the disease into a chronic form.

Diagnostics: Understanding the Condition

Accurate diagnosis of fungal infections of the foot and toenails is essential for effective treatment and to prevent the spread of the disease. 

Diagnostic methods

• Physical diagnosis – the doctor examines the affected areas, paying attention to changes in the color, texture and shape of the nails, as well as the symptoms present.
• Microscopic examination – to confirm the presence of fungus, a sample of skin or nail plate is used and examined under a microscope. This detects fungal spores and mycelium, which are direct signs of infection.
• Culture analysis (seeding) – samples (skin, nails or nail plate) are placed on a special nutrient medium where fungi can grow. After the colonies grow, the type of fungus is identified, which helps to choose the most effective treatment.
• Laboratory tests – for more accurate diagnosis, special tests can be used - polymerase chain reaction, which helps to detect the DNA of fungi in the samples.

These methods help to accurately identify the type of fungal infection and select the appropriate treatment.

Treatment Options for Fungal Infections

At Illinois Foot & Ankle Clinic, treatment for fungal infections of the foot and toenails focuses on eliminating the infection and restoring healthy skin and nails. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, different methods are used.

• Topical medications – antifungal creams, ointments and varnishes are applied directly to the affected areas of the skin and nails. They help to eliminate the fungus on the surface and prevent its spread. Topical treatment is effective in the initial stages of infection.
• Oral medications – in more advanced cases, internal administration of antifungal medications may be required. Penetrating into the blood and acting on the pathogen from within, they provide a deeper and more comprehensive treatment. Oral agents are prescribed for onychomycosis and severe forms of athlete's foot.
• Laser treatment – a modern and effective method of fighting fungal infections. Laser therapy affects the affected areas of the nails, destroying the fungus without damaging the surrounding tissues. This method is suitable for treating onychomycosis and can be used in conjunction with other methods.

At Illinois Foot & Ankle Clinic, we perform thorough diagnostics and develop individualized treatment plans. Schedule a consultation for professional help, and we'll help you get your feet back to health!